{"id":2555,"date":"2012-06-19T15:53:00","date_gmt":"2012-06-19T12:53:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/turkelli.com\/wordpress\/?p=2555"},"modified":"2020-12-19T15:55:53","modified_gmt":"2020-12-19T12:55:53","slug":"kemence","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/turkelli.com\/wordpress\/2012\/06\/19\/kemence\/","title":{"rendered":"Kemen\u00e7e"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>Kemen\u00e7e, Karadeniz B\u00f6lgesi \u00e7alg\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--more-->\n\n\n\n<p>Boyu 47-61 cm, boyun (Rumca gula) 7-11 cm, kafa (Rumca kefal) 7-10 cm uzunlu\u011funda g\u00f6vde 7-11 cm geni\u015fli\u011fin-de olup, burgulu\u011fu, boynu ve g\u00f6vdesi tek bir a\u011fa\u00e7 par\u00e7as\u0131ndan yontulup oyularak ya-p\u0131lan, ayakta veya diz \u00fcst\u00fcnde tutularak \u00e7al\u0131nan \u00fc\u00e7 telli bir yayl\u0131 \u00e7alg\u0131n\u0131n ad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bilinen en eski yayl\u0131 enstruman olan rebap (Arap\u00e7a rababah) Avrupa\u2019ya, 9. y\u00fcz-y\u0131lda Bizans \u00fczerinden (lira) ve 11. y\u00fczy\u0131lda M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Araplar\u0131n kontrol\u00fc alt\u0131nda oldu\u011fu d\u00f6nemde \u0130spanya \u00fczerinden rebec ad\u0131yla iki koldan yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Rebek, Orta\u00e7a\u011f ve Erken R\u00f6nesans d\u00f6nemi boyunca yo\u011fun olarak kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Rebekde atas\u0131, rebap gibi ar-mut bi\u00e7iminde g\u00f6vdeye sahip olup ve ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde be\u015fli aral\u0131klarla (\u00f6rne\u011fin G [sol] \u2013D [re] \u2013A ([la]) akort ediliyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>KEMEN\u00c7EN\u0130N YAPISI<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1 . Tepe &#8211; To Kifal &#8211; Ba\u015f<br>2 . Otia (Rum), Kulak<br>3 . Goula (Rum), Boyun<br>4 . Spaler &#8211; Kravat<br>5 . Kapak<br>6 . Rothounia &#8211; Ses delikleri<br>7 . Gaidaron (Rum), E\u015fek<br>8 . Palikar (Rum)<br>9 . Soma (Rum), kapak<br>10 . Stoular &#8211;<br>11 . Hordes &#8211; Teller<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Doksar (Rum), Yay<\/li><li>Tsaria (Rum)- k\u0131l, sa\u00e7KEMEN\u00c7E<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>y\u00fczy\u0131la de\u011fin tiz sesli bir enstruman olan rebec bu d\u00f6nemde daha kal\u0131n sesli bir enstrumana d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fse de 16. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itiba-ren keman\u2019\u0131n yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131yla pop\u00fclarite-sini yitirmi\u015f ve 18. y\u00fczy\u0131lda tamamen ortadan kaybolmu\u015ftur. Buna kar\u015f\u0131n, rebekin varyantlar\u0131, Balkan m\u00fczi\u011finde Slav guslas\u0131 ve Bulgar gadulkas\u0131 varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde de s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmektedir.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>Ege b\u00f6lgesine \u00f6zg\u00fc Yunan liras\u0131n\u0131n ise kayna\u011f\u0131 Bizans \u00fczerinden do\u011frudan Arap rebap\u0131ndan geli\u015fmi\u015f bir \u00e7e\u015fit lute olup, antik Yunan \u00e7alg\u0131s\u0131 olan liran\u0131n ad\u0131 uygunsuz bir tan\u0131mlamayla bu yayl\u0131 \u00e7alg\u0131ya konulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"131\" height=\"200\" src=\"https:\/\/turkelli.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/horon-29.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2558\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Armut bi\u00e7imli Yunan liras\u0131, 15. y\u00fczy\u0131lda, \u0130tal-ya\u2019da lira da braccio olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan keman\u0131n atas\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Orjinal re-bapta klavye b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc bulunmay\u0131p, teller parmaklarla durdurularak \u00e7al\u0131nmaktayd\u0131 ve bu haliyle Ortado\u011fu \u00fczerinden, Afrika, Orta Asya, Kuzey Hindistan ve G\u00fcney Do\u011fu Asya\u2019ya yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, farkl\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerde k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck de\u011fi\u015fikliklere u\u011fray\u0131p farkl\u0131 isimler alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>MS 711 y\u0131l\u0131nda Arap fatihler, Hindistan ve Orta Asya\u2019ya, Mogol ve T\u00fcrkmen fatihler ise Yak\u0131n Do\u011fu\u2019ya ak\u0131nlar yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Orta-do\u011fu ve Uzakdo\u011fu k\u00fclt\u00fcrleri dolay\u0131s\u0131yla m\u00fczikleri aras\u0131nda da etkile\u015fim ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"304\" height=\"945\" src=\"https:\/\/turkelli.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/horon-027.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2556\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Hindistan (raga) ve Arap (makam) m\u00fczik modlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda benzerlikleri belki bu d\u00f6nemlerde \u015fekillenmi\u015f olabilir. \u00d6zellikle T\u00fcrk ve Mo\u011follar\u0131n bu etkile\u015fimde ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131 bir rol \u00fcstlenmesi de m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. \u00c7in nefesli \u00e7alg\u0131s\u0131 \u201csona\u201d muhtemelen Orta Do-\u011fu\u2019da sorna\/zurna olarak bilinen enst-rumandan geli\u015fmi\u015f olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde Hint lutu \u201csitar\u201d ile Fars \u201csetar\u0131\u201d, elle \u00e7al\u0131nan telli bir \u00e7alg\u0131 olan \u00c7in y\u201dang chin\u201d\u2019inin de kayna\u011f\u0131 Orta Do\u011fu \u201csanturu\u201d olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kemen\u00e7enin, formunun ne zaman ve ne sebeple Kapadokya kemanesinden farkl\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 hen\u00fcz ayd\u0131nlanmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kemen\u00e7e, Fars\u00e7a \u201ck\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck keman\u201d anla-m\u0131na gelmekte olup Giresun, Trabzon, Bat\u0131 Rize ve Kuzey G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fhane\u2019de T\u00fcrkler ve (1923 \u00f6ncesinde) Rumlar taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7al\u0131n-makta, Rize\u2019nin do\u011fusunda yerini tuluma, Samsun ve bat\u0131s\u0131nda ise zurnaya b\u0131rakmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Trabzon\u2019un pek \u00e7ok k\u00f6y\u00fcne kemen\u00e7e bu y\u00fczy\u0131lda girmi\u015f ve gelenksel enstruman olan \u015fim\u015fir kaval\u0131n yerini alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Antik Yunanl\u0131lar, dinsel olmayan \u015fark\u0131la-r\u0131na ve danslar\u0131na e\u015flik etmek i\u00e7in fl\u00fct ve o-tuz telli kanuna benzeyen bir \u00e7alg\u0131 kullanmaktayd\u0131lar. Bizans d\u00f6nemince bunlara org, ziller ve lirada eklenmi\u015ftir. Talbot, Bizans\u2019ta liran\u0131n, Arap k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcne ve Arap k\u0131zlar\u0131n\u0131n rakslar\u0131na merakl\u0131 olan Theophilos zaman\u0131n-da tan\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylentisine kar\u015f\u0131n, bu \u00e7alg\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok eskilerden beri bilindi\u011fini kaydetmi\u015ftir BGY 201<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Evliya \u00c7elebi\u2019nin notlar\u0131nda (17. y\u00fczy\u0131l) Trabzon Lazlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan icat edildi\u011fi belir-tilen ve dankiyo (&lt; Antik Yunanca to ankiyo \u201chayvan derisi\u201d) olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan tulum ise bug\u00fcn Trabzon\u2019da nerdeyse hi\u00e7 \u00e7al\u0131n-mad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, dankiyo ad\u0131 da halk haf\u0131zas\u0131ndan tamam\u0131yla silinmi\u015ftir. Bununla bir-likte baz\u0131 Holo (bug\u00fcnk\u00fc K\u00f6pr\u00fcba\u015f\u0131 ve \u00c7ay-kara) k\u00f6ylerinde (1970 lere kadar) M\u00fcs-l\u00fcmanlar, Ma\u00e7ka civar\u0131nda (1923\u2019e kadar) Rumlar taraf\u0131ndan ama tulum ad\u0131yla \u00e7al\u0131n-d\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinmektedir. Biraz da \u0130slami taassubun m\u00fczik aletlerine ve \u00e7alg\u0131l\u0131 e\u011flenceye bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden (baz\u0131 Of k\u00f6ylerinde bug\u00fcn bile horon oynamak ve \u00e7alg\u0131 \u00e7almak g\u00fcnah oldu\u011fu gerek\u00e7esiyle ya\u015fl\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan yasaklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r), daha \u00e7ok m\u00fcbadele \u00f6ncesi Rumlar taraf\u0131ndan kullan\u0131lan kemen\u00e7enin, tulum akortuyla da (A [la] \u2013 A [la] \u2013 D [re]) \u00e7al\u0131nmas\u0131, sembolik olarak dankiyo &gt; kemen\u00e7e d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesinin bir sosyal olgu olarak ise koyun \u00e7obanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yap\u0131p g\u00f6\u00e7ebe hayat s\u00fc-ren da\u011fl\u0131lar\u0131n, zamanla sahil kentlerine yer-le\u015fip kent k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcne adapte olmalar\u0131yla ilgili olabilir.<br>Kemen\u00e7e, Do\u011fu Karadeniz Rumlar\u0131 tara-f\u0131ndan, Anadolu\u2019da ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 d\u00f6nemlerde lira olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve Girit ke-men\u00e7esi de aynen Kapadokya kemanesi ya da Y\u00f6r\u00fck kemen\u00e7eleri gibi rebap\u2019\u0131n \u015fekil ve \u00e7alma tekni\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan az farkl\u0131la\u015fm\u0131\u015f t\u00fcrevidir. Oysa Karadeniz kemen\u00e7esi ya da Ana-dolu\u2019da tan\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 di\u011fer isimiyle Laz kemen-\u00e7esi, Fars\u00e7a bir isim ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A\u011fasar ve Giresun \u00c7epnileri taraf\u0131ndan yayg\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131na ra\u011fmen, Anadolu\u2019nun di-\u011fer b\u00f6lgelerine da\u011f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u00c7epni T\u00fcrkmenlerinde bilinmemesi (\u00f6rne\u011fin olduk\u00e7a yak\u0131n olan Sivas ve Kastamonu \u00c7epnilerinde), Hem\u015finlilerin (Trabzon k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcne adapte ol-mu\u015f Cimil vadisi hari\u00e7), Lazlar\u2019\u0131n, Haltlar\u0131n (G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fhane, Bayburt, Erzurum) bu enst-ruman\u0131 tan\u0131mamas\u0131, y\u00f6reye ba\u015fka bir b\u00f6l-geden ta\u015f\u0131nm\u0131\u015f olsa bile Trabzon ve merkez ve sahil il\u00e7elerinde geli\u015fti\u011fine i\u015faret etmek-tedir. Rize\u2019de kemen\u00e7enin varolu\u015funa dair bir s\u00f6ylence de derlenmi\u015ftir:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cRize\u2019de ya\u015fayan iki aileden birisinin o\u011flu \u00f6b\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn k\u0131z\u0131na sevdal\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130ki sevdal\u0131 kavu-\u015facaklar\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fc d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcp, d\u00fc\u015fler kurarken ailelerin aras\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Gen\u00e7ler bir t\u00fcrl\u00fc ailelerine s\u00f6z ge\u00e7iremezler. Sonunda kavu\u015fma umudunu yitirmekte oldu\u011funu g\u00f6r\u00fcp ormana ka\u00e7arlar. Aileleri ard-lar\u0131n\u0131 b\u0131rakmaz. Bir korulu\u011fun k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda gen\u00e7leri k\u0131st\u0131r\u0131rlar. Kurtulamayacaklar\u0131n\u0131 anlayan gen\u00e7ler, kucakla\u015f\u0131r, birlikte yakar\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2018Bizi bunlar\u0131n elinden kurtar Tanr\u0131m. Dal olup b\u00f6l\u00fc\u015felim, saz olup s\u00f6yle\u015felim\u2019 Az sonra k\u00f6klenmeye, dallan\u0131p budaklanmaya ba\u015flad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 duyumsarlar. Y\u00fczlerinde mutlu bir g\u00fcl\u00fcc\u00fckle son kez kucakla\u015f\u0131rlar. K\u0131z limon, delikanl\u0131 servi a\u011fac\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. Bir s\u00fcre sonra limon a\u011fac\u0131ndan kemen\u00e7e, Servi a\u011fa-c\u0131ndan da yay yap\u0131l\u0131r. Bir araya gelince saz olup s\u00f6yle\u015fir, s\u00f6z olup sevdalar\u0131n\u0131 dile geti-rirler. B\u00f6ylelikle sonsuza dek kavu\u015fmu\u015f olurlar\u201d YU 9- 6343.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bu hikayenin ilgin\u00e7 yan\u0131 kemen\u00e7e ve yay\u0131n bahsi ge\u00e7en a\u011fa\u00e7 t\u00fcrlerinden kesinlikle imal edilmemesidir. Bu da hikayenin d\u0131\u015fardan ta-\u015f\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ya da ba\u015fka inan\u0131\u015f\u0131n, motifin kemen\u00e7eye yak\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"589\" src=\"https:\/\/turkelli.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/horon-015.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2530\" srcset=\"https:\/\/turkelli.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/horon-015.jpg 400w, https:\/\/turkelli.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/horon-015-204x300.jpg 204w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Kemen\u00e7enin g\u00f6vdesi dut, karadut veya erik a\u011fac\u0131ndan tamamen elde oyularak ya-p\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. S\u00fcrmene Belediye Binas\u0131n\u0131n ya-n\u0131ba\u015f\u0131ndaki k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck d\u00fckkan\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan, ke-men\u00e7e yap\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 Hasan Sancak basit bir \u00e7an (tiz sesli) kemen\u00e7eyi 3 g\u00fcn, iyi bir kal\u0131n sesli kemen\u00e7eyi ise 15 g\u00fcnde imal etti\u011fini belirtmektedir. Ge\u00e7mi\u015fte kullan\u0131lan ba\u011f\u0131rsak teller yerini zamanla metal olanlara b\u0131rak-m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kemen\u00e7e (E [mi] \u2013A [la] \u2013D [re]) olarak akort edilmekte ve sol elin parmak u\u00e7lar\u0131 ayn\u0131 anda bir veya daha fazla teli tutarken sa\u011f el yard\u0131m\u0131yla kullan\u0131lan parmak kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda at k\u0131l\u0131 tak\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir yay yard\u0131m\u0131yla ses \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Kemen\u00e7eyi olu\u015fturan par\u00e7alar \u015funlard\u0131r (paratez i\u00e7indekiler Kara-deniz Rumcas\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131):<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>tepe (korphe), kafa (kefal), kulaklar, boyun (godika), kravat\/ dil (glossa), g\u00f6vde (skaphe), kapak (skepasma), skolek\/solucan\/ y\u0131-lan\/ ses deli\u011fi (skolekia), k\u00f6pr\u00fc\/ e\u015fek (kord-hokrites\/ gaidaros\/ kavalos), pehlivan\/ kuyruk\/palikar (palaistes\/oura\/palikar), yanak-lar (maghoula) ve yay (toksiri)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kaynak: \u00d6zhan \u00d6zt\u00fcrk. Karadeniz Ansiklopedik S\u00f6zl\u00fck. Heyamola Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Kemen\u00e7e, Karadeniz B\u00f6lgesi \u00e7alg\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2529,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[34,101],"tags":[252],"hf_cat_post":[],"class_list":["post-2555","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-folklor","category-halk-oyunlari","tag-kemence"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/turkelli.com\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2555","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/turkelli.com\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/turkelli.com\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/turkelli.com\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/turkelli.com\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2555"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/turkelli.com\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2555\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2562,"href":"https:\/\/turkelli.com\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2555\/revisions\/2562"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/turkelli.com\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2529"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/turkelli.com\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2555"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/turkelli.com\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2555"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/turkelli.com\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2555"},{"taxonomy":"hf_cat_post","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/turkelli.com\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/hf_cat_post?post=2555"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}